infrastructure planning promote local responsiveness, but responsibility for allocating funds often remains with a centralized …Infrastructure services are significant determinants of economic development, social welfare, trade, and public health …. As such, they typically feature strongly in national development plans. While governments may receive many infrastructure …

approximately US$45 trillion (B20, 2014). The past twenty years have also seen a shift towards decentralized infrastructure planning …Infrastructure services are significant determinants of economic development, social welfare, trade, and public health …. As such, they typically feature strongly in national development plans. While governments may receive many infrastructure …

This study explores the role of governance in improving infrastructure reliability. It estimates that increasing … infrastructure spending and improving governance in parallel is six times more effective at enhancing transport system performance … infrastructure maintenance is as effective as 1.5 dollar of new investments in many OECD economies. Overall, the evidence in this …

This paper explores the benefits and the costs of strengthening infrastructure assets to make them more resilient …, reducing the repair costs and infrastructure disruptions caused by natural hazards. Strengthening infrastructure assets in low … billion dollar and 65 billion dollar a year, id est 3 percent of baseline infrastructure investment needs. The uncertainty …