Transforming Europe into a climate neutral economy and society by 2050 requires extraordinary efforts and the mobilisation of all sectors and economic actors, coupled with all the creative and brain power one can imagine. Each sector has to fundamentally rethink the way it operates to ensure it...

Strategies for reductions of emissions and depositions are described, with special regard for countries in transition. The influences of structural changes and energy-saving measures, as well as the effects of reductions of multiple pollutants, are analyzed for four countries in Central and...

The influence of energy-supply structure on emission-reduction costs for SO2 is outlined and evaluated. For this purpose, eight representative countries have been selected for analysing impacts due to different energy scenarios varying in final energy demand, fuel prices, assumed CO2-emission...

One of the most important hindrances that still impede many renewable energy projects is the perception of such projects by potential lenders and investors as low-profit and risky undertakings. This paper aims at delineating a more precise picture of these groups of energy projects explaining...