For the children of migrants, learning the language of instruction and assessment so that they can enter school or …. In the process the children themselves gain linguistic and meta-linguistic skills from learning the language of … school instruction to participate in learning, attain proficiency in the language of instruction, and achieve results …

The development of English-language skills, a near necessity in today’s global economy, is heavily influenced by … historical national decisions about whether to subtitle or dub TV content. While prior studies of language acquisition have … focused on schools, we show the overwhelming influence of out-of-school learning. We identify the causal effect of subtitling …

The development of English-language skills, a near necessity in today’s global economy, is heavily influenced by … historical national decisions about whether to subtitle or dub TV content. While prior studies of language acquisition have … focused on schools, we show the overwhelming influence of out-of-school learning. We identify the causal effect of subtitling …

This article investigates the macro-level drivers of adult-age language learning. We construct a new dataset that … covers German language learning in 77 countries (including Germany) for 1992-2006. Fixed-effects regressions show that … language learning in the EU is strongly associated with immigration. Instead, immigration by non-EU citizens in associated with …