This report discusses the role of the European Union’s full employment objective in the conduct of the ECB’s monetary policy. It first reviews a range of indicators of full employment, highlights the heterogeneity of labour market outcomes within different groups in the population and across...

Using granular data on both debt and credit default swaps (CDS) exposures by French investors on non-financial corporations (NFC) and euro area banks on French NFCs, we study how CDS reallocate investors' exposure to credit risk. To guide our investigation, we propose a methodology to...

We use hikes in the countercyclical capital buffer [CCyB] to measure how tighter bank capital requirements affect their solvency and value, according to market participants. Two features of the CCyB in Europe allow for a unique identification strategy of the effect of such requirements. First,...

We examine how corporate real estate market participants adjust to the anticipated take-off of teleworking. We develop an indicator of the exposure of counties to teleworking in France by combining teleworking capacity with incentives and frictions to its deployment. We study how this indicator...

We use data on granular holdings of debt and Credit Default Swaps (CDS) referencing non-financial corporations across financial investors, to investigate how CDS reallocate credit risk and whether this increases investor-level riskiness. To guide our investigation, we propose a methodology to...

The impact of central bank asset purchase programs depends on the investment habitat of investors owning the assets purchased. Using granular data on the Eurosystem central bank purchases over 2014-2020, and on detailed securities holdings by financial institutions, we show that banks were the...