market commercialisation with an empirical study of farmers in Northwest China. Design/methodology/approach The three … (2SLS). The Durbin-Wu-Hausman test was employed to identify the endogeneity of the commercialisation and specialisation … test. Findings A two-way interrelationship between specialisation and commercialisation were confirmed, and suggest that …

This paper describes the participation of smallholders in commercial horticultural farming in Kenya and identifies … for unobserved heterogeneity across farmers. We find that participation of smallholders in both the domestic and export … market choice for the commercialisation of vegetables: credit is important only when vegetables are (also) exported …