The recent Saudi Arabia’s “Vision 2030” including the National Transformation Plan has renewed the debate on the efficiency of government spending. The aim of this paper was twofold. First, to measure the relative efficiency of Saudi Arabia’s public spending over the period 1988–2013...

The present paper has two main objectives: first, to accurately estimate commodity price uncertainty; and second to analyze the uncertainty connectedness among commodity markets and the macroeconomic uncertainty, using the time-varying vector-autoregressive (TVP-VAR) model. We use eight main...

This paper explores the potential spatial diversification of manufactured goods' exports in Saudi Arabia. To account for the spatial interactions of Saudi's manufactured goods' exports, we use a panel Spatial Autoregressive (SAR) model for 77 trade partners over the period 2000-2016. The...

Purpose: This paper aims to investigate whether Islamic indexes, Bitcoin and gold still act as hedges or/and “safe-haven” assets during the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. This paper examines the role of the Morgan Stanley Capital International all-country world index, Islamic index, gold and...