Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to re‐examine the long‐run co‐movement and causal relationship between GDP and social security expenditures. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses panel data unit root tests and panel cointegration tests, as well as estimation techniques...

In this study, the DCC-MIDAS approach and its extension are adopted to reveal the long-run correlations among Chinese currency and those of ASEAN countries, and the role of RMB internationalization in driving the movements of the long-run currency correlations. The findings show that: (1)...