This study is an empirical attempt to find out whether under sanctions Iran’s trade direction has shifted away from … significant negative effect of sanctions on Iran–EU bilateral trade (by an average of 46.9%), while it has a positive impact on … various sanctions related to Iran’s nuclear program has pushed the country’s foreign trade to reorient away from Europe …

Russia, we find that these sanctions substantially decreased bilateral trade of Russia, mainly due to reduced trade with the …Combining two new datasets on sanctions and agricultural trade and implementing step-by-step the latest developments in … the empirical structural gravity literature, we investigate the effects of sanctions on international trade of …

The economic sanctions imposed by the United States, Europe, and other countries since 2014 have heightened the …­ direct investment (OFDI) in the context of these economic sanctions, particularly those intensified since 2022. The analysis … covering 74 origin and 102 destination countries from 2010 to 2019. The estimation technique employs Poisson pseudo …