Deininger, Klaus W.; Holden, Stein Terje; Fang, Xia - 2017
improve agricultural performance. Data from 15,000 smallholders and 800 estates in Malawi allow exploring the long …-term effects of such a strategy. The results suggest that (i) most estates are less productive than smallholders; (ii) fear of land … loss, although not exclusively due to estates, is associated with a 12 percent productivity loss for females, which is …