Expropriability is the ability of (potential) competitors to extract information about innovation and utilize it to their advantage in a manner that decreases the competitive advantages of the original innovator. It has an effect on the profit margins and, subsequently, on the strategic behavior...

The intensity and directions of knowledge flows between different actors are essential determinants in innovation. Knowledge acquisition is needed to find the relevant signals from markets, and knowledge sharing can facilitate benefits from network externalities and collaboration. A deeper...