We study whether prices of traded options contain information about future extreme market events. Our option-implied conditional expectation of market loss due to tail events, or tail loss measure, predicts future market returns, magnitude, and probability of the market crashes, beyond and above...

One of the fundamental requirements of investment management is the ability to assess risk and to adjust exposure to control tail risk, the risk of larger than acceptable losses. Since the onset of the recent credit crisis, the effects of widespread failure of standard techniques for tail risk...