probability distributions. This paper also explores the theoretical foundations of risk ranking, including proving a key …

Risk diversification is the basis of insurance and investment. It is thus crucial to study the effects that could limit … it. One of them is the existence of systemic risk that affects all of the policies at the same time. We introduce here a … probabilistic approach to examine the consequences of its presence on the risk loading of the premium of a portfolio of insurance …

quality and transform it into the investment risk assessment. It provides investors an effective way to control investment … risk and to improve the investment decision-making process. -- estimation errors of working capital ; accrual quality … ; investment risk …