Reducing energy demand and increasing energy efficiency are seen as major elements of the ongoing transformation of energy systems in multiple national and international programs like the EU 20-20-20 targets. Despite the predominately socio-economic nature of energy demand such interdisciplinary...

In this article, we use expenditure-based and self-reported data on fuel poverty for Spain and Ireland to analyse extreme levels of low energy consumption. Unlike most of the European countries, these two nations have recently launched official strategies to measure and tackle fuel poverty. We...