Nowadays, in a sustainable urban development point of view, cities are looking for instruments and policies to ensure an efficient and effective urban mobility for both passengers and goods. Indeed, optimizing passengers and goods flows in the urban area while reducing the externalities linked...

A policy considered in isolation may be ineffective because of the countervailing impact of other factors. And the success of a policy may itself lead to perverse incentives. Thus it is important to design complementary policies that support the original goal. Controlling air pollution from...