In light of recent global economic and geopolitical shocks threatening trade openness, this report aims to shed light on geoeconomic fragmentation and develops a rich set of new tools to assess its economic effects and implications for central banks. The report shows that, although global trade...

The Cold War was the defining episode of geopolitical fragmentation in the twentieth century. Trade between East and West across the Iron Curtain (a symbolical and physical barrier dividing Europe into two distinct areas) was restricted, but the severity of these restrictions varied over time....

Este artículo estima el impacto del MERCOSUR sobre los flujos comerciales y el bienestar usando un modelo de gravedad estructural cuantitativo estándar. El impacto sobre los flujos de comercio bilateral y sobre el bienestar es altamente heterogéneo entre los países del MERCOSUR. El aumento...

Artículo de revista ; In 2019 the European Union (EU) and the Latin American countries that make up the Common Market of the South (Mercosur) reached a political agreement to sign, ratify and implement a trade agreement between the two blocs. This agreement is expected to bring trade and...

Artículo de revista ; En 2019, la Unión Europea (UE) y los países latinoamericanos que forman el Mercado Común del Sur (MERCOSUR) alcanzaron un acuerdo político para la firma, ratificación e implementación de un tratado comercial entre los dos bloques. Se espera que dicho acuerdo genere...

Entre las décadas de 1940 y 1970, en España se emplearon varias políticas económicas que limitaban el comercio internacional. La combinación de aranceles, restricciones cuantitativas, barreras administrativas y regímenes cambiarios utilizados sufrió frecuentes cambios durante ese...

Motivación Una fragmentación geopolítica del comercio mundial, caracterizada por el surgimiento de dos bloques de países que restringen el comercio a los países que no pertenecen al mismo bloque, es un escenario que se ha vuelto más probable en los últimos tiempos. ¿Cómo afecta este...

Rationale A geopolitical fragmentation of world trade, i.e. the emergence of two blocs that restrict trade with countries in the other bloc, has recently become a more likely prospect. How does this geopolitical risk affect the trade and economic outlook for Latin America and the Caribbean?...

Economic theory suggests including domestic trade flows when estimating structural gravity models. The inclusion of domestic trade flows helps to identify parameters that cannot be estimated with international trade flows alone. The complication is that domestic trade flows can be measured...

We estimate the impact of MERCOSUR on trade flows and on gains from trade for its member countries using a standard modern general equilibrium quantitative structural gravity model. We find a highly heterogeneous impact on bilateral trade flows and gains from trade. We estimate that gains from...