We consider a manufacturer that produces in response to a stochastic demand and emits pollution during the production process. Industrial pollutants released into the air are characterized by spatial variability and special heterogeneity, and the precision of instruments for measuring stochastic...

This paper addresses the economic efficiency of water production and distribution in a vertical supply chain consisting of a water-provider and a consumer (municipality). The inherent conflicts over stocks and supply costs that emerge among the parties in the water supply chain are modeled as a...