Rapid population growth in developing world urban centers outpaces provision of essential services such as excreta collection and treatment. Separate collection of urine and feces and decentralized treatment can potentially serve more households at lower energy and cost than conventional...

Sanitation research focuses primarily on containing human waste and preventing disease; thus, it has traditionally been dominated by the fields of environmental engineering and public health. Over the past 20 years, however, the field has grown broader in scope and deeper in complexity, spanning...

The global population without complete sanitation services is enormous; it includes those without access to basic, household-level sanitation (2.6 billion) as well as those without adequate collection, treatment, and disposal or reuse of their waste. The main goals of a complete sanitation...