The identification, content, legal effect and scope of intellectual property clauses in international investment agreements are greatly underestimated. The preponderance of literature available has focussed on IPRs included as part of standard clauses defining covered investments under IIAs and...

This paper addresses the complexity of legal issues arising as a result of the deployment of international investment agreements (IIAs), as substantive regulatory and enforcement devices, for the protection of intellectual property rights. Its overriding analytical framework, proposes that...