Based on county-level census data for the German state of Bavaria in 1939 and 1946, we use World War II as a natural experiment to study the effects of sex ratio changes on out-of-wedlock fertility. Our findings show that war-induced shortfalls of men to women significantly increased the...

Angesichts der erheblichen Transformationsanstrengungen, die die BaltischenRepubliken in den letzten Jahren zu bewältigen hatten, haben sich erheblicheVeränderungen auch auf dem Gebiet des Genossenschaftswesens ergeben.Wie in kaum einer anderen Region in Europa ist die Entwicklung der...

Although child labour itself is well researched, no reliable data yet exists on the level of wages for children, which are usually described as fluctuating. Here, using Saxony as an example, an attempt is made to trace the development of wages for children over almost a century. It shows that...

We exploit education reforms in Sweden and other European countries to estimate the causal effects of longer and modernized compulsory education on civic engagement. In most countries, compulsory education was extended by 1-2 years, and the curricula were reformed to better foster democratic and...

This paper explores the determinants of female labor supply over the course of Italy’s post-unification history (1881-2018). It uses a newly constructed adjusted series of female labor force participation, disaggregated by region and major sector of activity. The panel dimension of the data is...

The article offers an analysis of the institutional change in the Soviet higher education during the establishment and consolidation period of the USSR. The objective of the analysis focuses on the process development, mainly on the description of the constitutive actions of the Soviet higher...

The paper examines the 1947 monetary stabilization in Italy, tracing the domestic and international political dynamics that allowed ideas and theoretical concepts developed within the Bank of Italy to be applied in a successful action to subdue spiraling inflation. The combination of events and...

An extreme materialist hypothesis explaining the Industrial Revolution would be simply genetic. Gregory Clark asserts such a theory of sociobiological inheritance in his Farewell to Alms (2007). Rich people proliferated in England, Clark argues, and by a social Darwinian struggle the poor and...

This paper explores the macro-economic history of Cyprus in the inter-war period. It constructs the first detailed estimates of output at aggregate and sector levels, enabling the analysis of economic growth and the sectoral structure of the island’s economy. It evaluates its performance...

Dutch noble families have held more elite positions than high bourgeois families during the 20th century, and this relative advantage hardly changed over several generations. In this paper we test on of the possible explanations of this ‘constant noble advantage hypothesis’, using a sample...