To assist with the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030, this paper develops a framework to estimate infrastructure financing needs of the Asia-Pacific least developed countries (LDCs), landlocked developing countries (LLDCs), and small island developing States (SIDS) by...

The mean work required to drive a bistable system from one equilibrium state to another is calculated by using a Langevin simulation combined with Monte Carlo sampling. The resulting work depends not only on the proposal form but also on the temperature, because the particle subjected to thermal...

Under the influence of national economic reform and development, China has changed the way that it finances healthcare from a government-based system to a more market-oriented system. China has done this without a sophisticated healthcare payment system, and this has resulted in the rapid growth...

Exploring properties both of the EIA's natural gas and crude oil storage announcements and of analyst forecasts of the EIA storage figures, we find that analyst storage forecasts bring additional information to the market beyond seasonal patterns and past storage flows and that the market...

Bonds with either fixed price or make whole call provisions allow for the efficient recontracting of claims, but they differ in terms of their ability to mitigate debt agency costs. Controlling for the influence of bondholder-shareholder conflicts on both the level of covenant protection and...