In this chapter, in Sect. 12.1 we provide a sketch of the Keynesian multiplier and the multiplier–accelerator model by Hansen and Samuelson. The description of the Kaldor model (Sect. 12.2) is introduced by the related literature (Sect. 12.2.1). As Kaldor described his model only...

R.G. Goodwin mentioned that "economists will be led, as natural scientists have been led, to seek in nonlinearities an explanation of the maintenance of oscillation" (Goodwin, Econometrica 19(1), 1951); following this reasoning, we studied business cycles as if they were generated by nonlinear...

The financial system in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has a history of relative soundness, particularly in banking, due to comparatively strict and enforced domestic supervision, and supported by what has been for the most part a reasonably robust economy. However, the sector is facing...