The collapse of the inter-bank lending market has reduced the global liquidity available, most banks, especially those with limited deposit bases, have raised funds even on short maturities. Project finance and PPP lending are competing for scarce regulatory capital allocations with more...

The first experience of adding social information to the financial economic balance is the German company AEG in 1938. This report, which could be called an ancestor of the social report, was formed by an overview of the benefits for staff and expenses incurred for the community. The social...

Giuseppe Cerboni (1827-1917) in 1861 stated as an accountant with his report on the military condition of Tuscany, proposing a model of "returns of accounts", arousing particular interest and broad consensus. Years of study and experience led him to the development of new accounting concepts,...

This short paper is fundamentally a reflection on the subject, a medium size Italian municipality, that one of Terni, with about 110.000 inhabitants (number rather stable from 2000), about 1.000 employees and a budget (2008) of €370 million. This municipality has 3 fully owned corporations,...

The issue of financial crises is mainly due to its ability to compromise the lasting economic function of companies, profits and non-profit, public and private. What the economic world is facing in the apparently acute phase since the second half of 2008, is the result of a number of factors,...

On the eve of the outbreak of the world conflict, the Ottoman Empire was most similar in some respects to the current European Union, a decadent entity, but after 683 years of domination, with many internal conflicts, with an unreliable army, weighed down by a self-referential bureaucracy and...

The introduction of Cost Accounting is in line with a process of administrative reforms, related to the reform of the State Budget, whose need for transformation of the budget systems is originated from a different setting of economic governance, of public finance and of the community...