This paper develops theory missing in the sizable literature that uses data envelopment analysis to construct return–risk ratios for investment funds. It explores the production possibility set of the investment funds to identify an appropriate form of returns to scale. It discusses what risk...

Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is attractive for comparing investment funds because it handles different characteristics of fund distribution and gives a way to rank funds. There is substantial literature applying DEA to funds, based on the time series of funds’ returns. This article looks at...

The truncated Cornish–Fisher inverse expansion is well known. It is used, for example, to approximate value-at-risk and conditional value-at-risk. It is known that this expansion gives a distribution for limited skewness and kurtosis and that the distribution may be a poor fit. drawing on...

This paper discusses Hedge funds' risks, in particular the leverage risk, as it has the greater effect when applied both to derivatives or other asset classes alike. Evaluation of the effect of leverage could become complicated as this effect could be escalated by the liquidity and credit risks...