This paper develops a differential-evolution-based solution for the problem of proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack modeling. The problem is analytically intractable and computationally hard. The present paper produces results that outperform state-of-the-art approaches on three performance...

Microgrids (MGs) use renewable sources to meet the growing demand for energy with increasing consumer needs and technological advancement. They operate independently as small-scale energy networks using distributed energy resources. However, the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources...