The resultant backlash is accelerating monetary dialogue among the BRICS countries through their common financial institutions (BRICS NDB, BRICS CRA) in the rise of protectionism, current account imbalances, currency mismatches, mounting strains on national banks, increasing external shocks on...

Identifying the nexus between financial inclusion of households and social unrest in Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Peru in 2021 we put emphasis on how far it drives economic and financial instability. Insofar we tested financial inclusion with regard to the quality, depth and welfare effects of the...

Motivations for introducing the financial inclusion of households that is to have access to useful and affordable financial products and services that meet their needs for transactions, payments, savings, credit and insurance (World Bank, 2013) could range from a decline in the use of physical...

The paper highlights pro and cons of introducing retail central bank digital currencies (CBDC) in Latin America to expect their potential use for retail payments, during and after their potential implementation into national financial inclusion strategies.Informing these efforts we explore...