Occupational credentials are typically not portable across geography. Using policy reforms by U.S. states, we show that the limited portability of occupational licenses constrains labor market activity and geographic mobility of licensed individuals. After states implement universal recognition,...

In 2018, Idaho became the first state to grant prescriptive authority to pharmacists in the United States for a limited range of medications related to minor conditions. We examine the effects of this reform on access to care for Medicare beneficiaries prescribed albuterol sulfate (a drug to...

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the trends for crime and STDs after the passage of massage therapist licensing. In 1977, Texas passed a law permitting county-level licensing laws for massage therapists, which was soon followed by a statewide licensing requirement in 1985. This early massage...

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to document the changes in low- and moderate-income occupational licensing over time. Design/methodology/approach: Using US state level data, the authors document the rise in occupational licensing for low- and moderate-income occupations over the 1993-2012...

In this paper we provide a cross-country comparison of occupational regulation in the European legal market. Although EU growth and assimilation has resulted in some degree of unity in regulation, significant differences remain in licensing restrictions and in the characteristics of the labor...

In this paper we provide a cross-country comparison of occupational regulation in the European legal market. Although EU growth and assimilation has resulted in some degree of unity in regulation, significant differences remain in licensing restrictions and in the characteristics of the labor...