Parallel trade refers to the arbitrage opportunity created when the same product is sold in at least two different markets, which may vary in prices and/or reimbursement regulations. When allowed to policymakers, this practice may damage the manufacturers, representing a threat to their...

In recent years, the concept of price of anarchy has emerged as a tool to measure the efficiency of Nash equilibria in noncooperative games. In this paper we apply an adaptation of this concept to subgame-perfect Nash equilibria arising in three different dynamic noncooperative game-theoretic...