Involving suppliers deep in the supply chain is critical for the success of environmental and social responsibility (ESR) initiatives. Administering ESR programs throughout a complex supply network, however, is challenging. In this paper, we apply a multi-unit bilateral bargaining framework to...

Substitution is a commonly adopted strategy for matching the demand mix by appropriately allocating the supplies. The recent development of information technology has allowed firms to easily swap products to meet consumers' preferences. When formulating substitution policies, firms have to take...