. Conditions under which lower-tier corruption arises as an equilibrium characterization of the game are identified. If … bureaucratic corruption sufficiently reduces the tax base, policies that deter corruption may be optimal. When monitoring is … expensive or ineffective, lower-level corruption arises as equilibrium. Tax farming and the sale of offices can occur in these …

community and formal enforcement, while corruption undermines it. We discuss how community can play an important role in a …

corruption. Numerous studies suggest a relationship between the design of civil service systems and corruption, but few studies … actually test this theoretical link. We hypothesize that corruption levels depend on the presence or absence of particular … bargaining rights; we also assess the impact of wages on corruption levels. We test these hypotheses using World Bank data from a …

We investigate corruption as a social dilemma by means of a bribery game in which a risk of collective sanction of the …' corruptibility but is not sufficient to eliminate the Tragedy of corruption that leads both firms and officials to earn less than in … the absence of corruption. …

history of past play has little effect on the level of corruption. …

Official A at almost all individual detection levels. This 'legitimacy' effect may help explain why anti-corruption policies …