Soil is the largest carbon reservoir in terrestrial ecosystems, and minor changes in this reservoir can dramatically affect atmospheric CO 2 concentrations. The fragile ecological environment in the arid zone of northwest China is extremely susceptible to natural and anthropogenic factors,...

In recent decades, national income has become increasingly important as a measure of a nation’s economic health. In this study, we used a wide array of primary and secondary sources to arrive at values of the Chinese per capita gross domestic product (GDP) during the period of 1661–1933. We...