Cationic substitution is a common material modification strategy. Generally, it follows the principles of radius matching, valency equilibrium and stoichiometric substitution. However, radius-mismatched, nonstoichiometric-ratio ion substitution can achieve unexpected experimental results. Such...

This paper applies a real option framework to suggest that the takeover premia in mergers and acquisitions can be influenced by (a) the pre-bid ownership of target and (b) the real option characteristics of both acquirer and target firms. Our findings show that pre-bid ownership reduces the...