Since its creation, European Union (hereinafter: ‘the EU’) has experienced various enlargements. In 1973, Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom joined the EU. Greece became a Member in 1981 and was followed by Spain and Portugal in 1986. Austria, Finland and Sweden accessed the EU in 1995....

This paper reviews current regulatory approaches designed to correct market failures and distribute the benefits of liberalization to consumers in recently liberalised network industries. Present evaluations of the liberalisation process show that opening up markets to more competition has not...

This article deals with the consumer welfare standard in competition law enforcement. It explores the inherent economic and legal 'geography' of this notion by looking beyond the borderlines of competition rules. While the consumer welfare standard has been widely discussed as a legal and...

As less formal institutions such as the European Competition Network or the International Competition Network are becoming generators of soft law that may harden into national, EU or international law, the importance of legitimacy in agenda-setting and in the development of best practices,...

This chapter discusses the landmark Hungarian case relating to the car insurance and repair markets, which involved both vertical and horizontal agreements. The case concerned the horizontal relationship between Hungary’s two largest insurance companies and their vertical relationships with...

In order to facilitate NCAs in their application of EU competition rules, the EU legislator adopted Directive 2019/1/EU. The Directive’s aim is to empower the competition authorities of the Member States to be more effective enforcers of competition law and to ensure the proper functioning of...

Postal services play a vital role in people’s life across the EU and affordable and reliable postal services are essential to realize the EU’s Digital Single Market. The liberalization of the postal sector and the establishment of a single market for postal services in the EU has been...

This paper deals with the question what the relationship is between consumer activity and non-competitive market outcomes in deregulated markets. These market failures could be the result of bad regulation, bad competition law enforcement or insufficient consumer activity. The different causes...

The aim of this paper is to analyse the interplay between the EU's external (pre-accession) and internal (post-accession) governance model in the field of competition law and to reach a deeper understanding of the EU's Europeanization strategy at the intersection of these two governance models....