In an ongoing cycle of mutual constitution, culture, the self, and associated psychological tendencies dynamically interact. Prior studies show that people from Western individualist cultures construe the self in independent terms (stressing their uniqueness and separation from others),...

Successful communication requires close attention to the common ground of the ongoing conversation. Because attentiveness to others is a self-defining goal within an interdependent construal of self, but less so within an independent construal of self, we expected that self-construal influences...

Previous research indicates that the depletion of self-regulatory resources can promote unethical behavior that benefits the self. Extending this literature, we focus on norm-transgressing behavior that is intended to primarily benefit others. In particular, we predicted a differing effect of...