Cross-border data transmission in the biomedical area is on the rise, which brings potential risks and management challenges to data security, biosafety, and national security. Focusing on cross-border data security assessment and risk management, many countries have successively issued relevant...

We consider a seller who can sell her product over two periods, advance and spot. The seller has private information about the product quality, which is unknown to customers in advance and publicly revealed in spot. The question we consider is whether the seller has an incentive to signal...