The metasystem approach to organizational decision-making presented in this paper is set in a control systems framework. Decision-making is approached from a control systems viewpoint. The concept of metasystem is introduced as a framework for decision-making about decision-making, that is, the...

Freedom can be planned. It is the result of a designing triad consisting of the planning agents' assumptions, the planning system's conditions and the opportunities and/or barriers which enhance or hinder the exercise of freedom. The "assumptions-conditions-opportunities" triad is examined to...