teachers' actions that resulted in less attention to female students. Gender bias had an even greater effect in classrooms …This paper analyzes gender bias in teaching in low-performing schools in Chile. To carry out the analyses, the authors … used videotaped classes for fourth graders and coded 237 tapings. Results show a general (although not uniform) bias in …

observations, and student surveys. Although all three types of measures could be biased by unmeasured traits of the students in … predicts performance following random assignment of that teacher to a class of students. Combining our results with those from …

observations, and student surveys. Although all three types of measures could be biased by unmeasured traits of the students in … predicts performance following random assignment of that teacher to a class of students. Combining our results with those from …

evaluation bias towards ethnic minority students. …We analyze whether teachers discriminate against ethnic minority students in terms of grading. Using comprehensive data … on students in German primary and secondary schools, we compare students’ scores in standardized, anonymously graded …