The paper analyzes on the cultural dimension of universalism vs. particularism as how people solve problems facing conflicting social norms of rules and of relationships. We argue that universalism versus particularism is personal values. Following Jackson (1966), the values should be measured...

This paper analyzes the theoretical foundations for organizational disidentification and tests the validity of organizational disidentification in a structural equation model. Organizational disidentification is defined as "(1) a cognitive separation between one's identity and the identity of an...

This study explores the roles of calibrated (annual vs. hourly wage) positions on negotiators' expected contentiousness and estimation of reservation price on negotiators' initial offers and final outcomes. In a distributive labor negotiation, we found negotiator determinations of reservation...