China has been considering enactment of an anti-monopoly (antitrust) law since 1993, and it has now enacted such a law. Given the potential importance of this legislation, there is much uncertainty about what the enactment means and what roles it is likely to play in influencing the development...

Uncertainty has been an increasingly central theme in discussions of competition law in Europe since the beginning of “modernization” efforts in the 1990s. This may seem paradoxical, because the modernization programs – both institutional and substantive – were intended to reduce the...