Critics claim that patent screening is ineffective, granting low-quality patents that impose unnecessary social costs. We develop an integrated framework, involving patent office examination, fees, and endogenous validity challenges in the courts, to study patent screening both theoretically and...

Recent theoretical contributions to the growth literature emphasize the role of human capital in the process of economic growth. Meanwhile, the empirical literature on the link between human capital and growth has changed course several times over the last decade. On balance, the evidence now...