I first suggest, against most common wisdom in the field, that the notion of targeted killing should be released from its association with with the war against terror. Targeted killing is a method of fighting against irregular forces even if these don't employ terror. I then present three...

Adam and Eve have the same record yet receive different punishment. Adam receives the punishment that they both deserve, whereas Eve receives a more lenient punishment. In this paper, we explore whether a deserved-but-unequal punishment, such as what Adam receives, can be just. We do this by...

Many believe that in “supreme emergencies” collectives are granted what I elsewhere call “special permissions”, permissions to carry out self-defensive acts which would otherwise be morally forbidden. However, there appears to be a continuum between non-emergency, emergency and...

The paper explores a neglected condition for legitimate self-defense, 'The Success Condition,' according to which otherwise immoral acts can be justified under the right to self-defense only if they are likely to gain protection from the perceived threat. The idea behind this condition is that...

Assume that some group, A, is under a serious threat from some other group, B. The only way group A can defend itself is by using lethal force against group B, but the standard conditions for using force in self-defense are not met. Ought group A to avoid the use of force even if this means...