unitary-form (U-form) hierarchy was replaced by a multidivisional-form (M-form) organization, namely, Khrushchev's Sovnarkhoz …

view of the center. We use a unique episode in Soviet history, when a traditional Soviet unitary-form (U-form) hierarchy …

a substantial over-time variation in career concerns associated with reforms of Soviet governing hierarchy. We …-form) hierarchy was replaced by a multidivisional-form (M-form) organization—created yardstick competition in industrial performance … dismissal and reinstatement of the U-form hierarchy under Brezhnev. …

political hierarchy. This paper investigates whether the central authorities in the Russian Empire resorted to career …

of reforms in the self-reproduction of both party-states. We shall demonstrate how different patterns of power …