While data were always valuable in a range of economic activities, the advent of new and improved technologies for the collection, storage, mining, synthesizing, and analysis of data has led to the ability to utilize vast volumes of data in real-time in order to learn new information. Part I...

With data rapidly becoming the lifeblood of the global economy, the efficiency of its use significantly affects both social and private welfare. While the volume of data collected has reached astronomical proportions, the fact that most data are collected in a system that is largely modular and...

Today a growing number of goods and services are provided in the marketplace free of charge; indeed, free or the appearance of free, have become part of our ecosystem. More often than not, free goods and services provide real benefits to consumers and are clearly pro-competitive. Yet free goods...

Algorithms, especially those based on artificial intelligence, play an increasingly important role in our economy. They are used by market participants to make pricing, output, quality, and inventory decisions; to predict market entry, expansion, and exit; and to predict regulatory moves. In a...

The creation of free and open source software (FOSS) through social networks has been celebrated as one of the most interesting and inspiring developments of the information age. The main legal platform selected for facilitating this collaborative creation is the GNU General Public License...

In the past two decades the number of jurisdictions that adopted a competition law has grown exponentially. Yet many of them, most notably developing jurisdictions and small ones, face significant obstacles to efficient enforcement. Indeed, a World Bank study estimated that competition...

This article challenges the conventional wisdom that not much can be done under the existing atomistic system of antitrust enforcement to solve the problem of sub-optimal deterrence of international cartels. Low deterrence results from the fact that international cartels are generally prosecuted...

The global race for data-based technological superiority is on. In a world where “data is the new oil,” data-based comparative advantages may affect not only competition between firms but also the balance of power among jurisdictions. In the past two decades China has made important strides...

Not often is a general-purpose technology created that can disrupt numerous markets and significantly affect social welfare. 3D printing fits this description. It promises to improve the quality of some goods and to greatly increase the efficiency of their production processes. More importantly,...

Big data has become an important resource not only for commerce, but also for governance. Governance-by-data seeks to take advantage of the bulk of data collected by private firms, to make law enforcement more efficient. It can take many forms, including setting enforcement priorities, affecting...