Diagnosis management aims to identify critical situations and positive aspects of corporate management. An effective diagnosis made by a team with the status of independence from the organization’s management is for managers a useful feedback necessary to improve performance. The work...

The capacity of a model immune network in terms of the number of different antigens that can be vaccinated against without any memory lost is computed and tested by numerical simulations. We also investigate memory loss and failure to vaccinate due to overcrowing the network with too may...

Though most mutations are deleterious, an interplay between somatic mutation and selection within germinal centers (GC) results in rapid generation of high affinity memory B cells. How high affinity B cells with large numbers of mutations are generated and preserved, within GC containing at...

The immune system uses many strategies to generate its enormous repertoire of diverse antibodies, but their relative importance is not understood. As part of a larger project to quantify their relative contributions, we have studied how the survival probability of an individual scales with the...

During an immune response the affinity of antibodies that react with the antigen that triggered the response increases with time, a phenomenon known as affinity maturation. The molecular basis of affinity maturation has been partially elucidated. It involves the somatic mutation of immunoglobin...

Evidence for somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes has been observed in all the species in which immunoglobulins have been found. Previous studies have suggested that codon usage in Ig V genes is such that the sequence-specificity of somatic hypermutation results in greater mutability in...