We explore whether theoretically the target leverage and pecking order models can be reconciled with payout smoothing. Investment absorbs a significant part of income and asset volatility if the firm follows both a payout target and a net debt ratio (NDR) target. A positive (negative) NDR...

A group of investors with heterogeneous risk preferences maximize their joint, weighted life-time utility from payouts. Group members' utility weights are endogenously deter- mined at startup. Each member receives a non-tradeable claim that is optimally tailored to her risk preferences. Claims...

We explore whether theoretically the target leverage and pecking-order models can be reconciled with payout smoothing. Investment absorbs a significant part of income and asset volatility if the firm follows both a payout target and a net debt ratio (NDR) target. A positive (negative) NDR...