Since the annexation of Crimea in 2014, Russia has been under an EU sanctions regime. While these sanctions have not prevented Putin from ordering an invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, in the overall picture, they have significantly weakened Russia's ability to wage war. This paper...

Since the annexation of Crimea in 2014, Russia has been under an EU sanctions regime. While these sanctions have not prevented Putin from ordering an invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, in the overall picture, they have significantly weakened Russia’s ability to wage war. This paper...

Financial sanctions are key in enforcing restrictions on Russian energy exports - in particular the G7/EU oil price cap regime - due to financial institutions' critical role in cross-border transactions. While the energy sanctions regime is having an impact on export earnings and budget...

This paper explores the genesis of the German monetary framework between 1866 and 1876, with a specific focus on the 1875 Banking Act. The Banking Act constituted the final piece within the legislation that established Germany's post- unification monetary order, regulated bank note issuance...

African countries have over the years experienced persistent current account deficits. The role of asymmetries in explaining the response of trade balance to exchange rate movement has not received adequate attention as linear models dominate extant empirical literature. In this paper, we...

The African Export-Import Bank (Afreximbank) was established in 1993 as a crisis management institution on the heels of the Latin American debt crisis of the 1980s. It has since grown into Africa's foremost regional integration bank, and is playing a critical role in supporting the...

This paper attempts to build up a Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson model of production and trade where capital is introduced outside the production process as a financial capital or credit as per the classical Ricardian wage fund framework. Stock of credit or financial capital as past savings, finances...

An einem fehlerhaften Beispiel wird aufgezeigt, dass ein Land nicht in jedem Produkt einem anderen Land komparativ überlegen sein kann. Absolute Kostenvorteile sind in allen Produkten möglich, doch auch das unproduktivere Land besitzt in der Regel mindestens einen komparativen Kostenvorteil...

Vor 100 Jahren mündete die Große Inflation, die bereits 1914 mit dem Ersten Weltkrieg ihren Anfang nahm, in der Hyperinflation von 1923. Bis heute herrscht in der deutschen Bevölkerung und Politik eine Inflationsaversion. Anlässlich dieses Jubiläums und der zuletzt stark gestiegenen...

Milton Friedman's longstanding advocacy in favor of floating exchange rates has contributed to a mistaken belief that he opposed currency board regimes or outright dollarization. Nothing could be further from the truth. Over a period of almost five decades Friedman consistently made it clear...