For several decades now, the history of American criminal justice, and penal reform in particular, has revolved around … issues in search of a different perspective by looking at the on-the-ground experience of the early days of criminal justice …

. Meanwhile, criminal justice scholars note that criminal justice fees have run amok, causing crippling debt, undermining reentry …, arguing that criminal justice fees have become harmful precisely because they deviate from the traditional market …-like environment that the public finance literature envisions. This nonmarket structure occurs for two reasons. First, criminal justice …

Since 1947, no alleged crime of aggression has ever been prosecuted, in spite of the many instances in which states … international criminal justice has taken shape slowly. Crimes consisting of serious violations of jus in bello, that is, war crimes …, usually considered less egregious than the crime of aggression, have been severely prosecuted and punished, in particular by …

justice, such as contempt of court. The power of the UN ad hoc Tribunals to punish these offences has raised problematic …