police forces tasked with preventing crime. We study the 1829 formation of the London Metropolitan Police - the first … professional force worldwide. Using newly digitized and geocoded crime and police data together with difference-indifferences and …This paper evaluates the effect on crime of creating a fundamental modern-day institution: centralized professional …

Introduction: Dare for More Citizen Participation! -- Contested Future -- Participation – a Panacea for Police Work … Walks, and Cooperative Security Partnerships -- Foundations for Participation Processes – How Does the Police Achieve Them …? -- Action Approaches for Police Participation Practice -- What Can Citizen Participation Contribute to Police Work? -- Outlook. …