The percentage of workers who choose not to join the union available to them at their workplace has been rising in Britain and New Zealand. Social custom, union instrumentality, the fixed costs of joining, employee perceptions of management attitudes to unionization and employee problems at work...

Unions have declined significantly in New Zealand over the last decade, losing around 50 percent of their members, with union density falling to around seven percent of the workforce. The collaps of multi-employer bargaining was a key explanator of the decline, together with a substantial...