Risk is an important earnings attribute in valuation models and the FASB's conceptual framework identifies providing information about risk as a primary objective for earnings. Managers and analysts, however, state that they provide non-GAAP earnings to produce numbers that are more focused on...

We examine commonly used indicators of non-GAAP exclusion quality and find they perform poorly at capturing low-quality (i.e., more persistent) exclusions. Further, low-quality non-GAAP earnings, as identified by any of the indicators used in prior research, are more value relevant than GAAP...

Income reported to shareholders (book income) and income reported to the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (taxable income) are alternative measures of U.S. corporate economic performance discussed in recent research, academic texts, and by U.S. legislators. In measuring economic performance,...

We find that firms with higher quality disclosures have lower effective bid-ask spreads and lower adverse selection spread components. In contrast, we also find that firms with higher quality disclosures have lower quoted depths, resulting in no unambiguous conclusion regarding market liquidity...

Existing research suggests adverse selection spread components are positively related to trade size, consistent with informed traders trading in larger sizes. However, if market makers use quoted depth to limit losses to informed traders, the size of a trade relative to the depth quoted at the...

We examine the effect of Regulation FD on stock return volatility. Critics suggest FD has increased volatility by causing firms to (a) disclose less information, resulting in increased noise trading and pricing errors; or (b) substitute essentially continuous communication to the market through...

We examine whether Regulation FD is associated with changes in the information environment prior to earnings announcements. After implementation of Regulation FD we find (a) lower return volatility around earnings announcements; (b) some improvement in the speed with which pre earnings...

We study the relation between disclosure policy and market liquidity. Our tests examine how two key aspects of market liquidity, the effective bid-ask spread and quoted depth, relate to financial analysts' ratings of firms' disclosure policies. We introduce a method of combining order sizes and...

We find adverse-selection spread components increase sharply in the ratio of trade size to quoted depth, and spike when trade size equals quoted depth. We find two previously documented and prominent indicators of informed trading, raw trade size and high-trading-volume half-hours, offer almost...

We examine whether NYSE/AMEX depth quotes are related to the adverse-selection and inventory-holding-cost components of the spread. Consistent with theory predicting an inverse relation between depths and the risk of informed trading, we find that depth quotes are strongly inversely related to...