We provide a simple framework for interpreting instrumental variable regressions when there is a gap in time between the impact of the instrument and the measurement of the endogenous variable, highlighting a particular violation of the exclusion restriction that can arise in this setting. In...

In the study of long-run economic growth, it is common to use historical or geographical variables as instruments for contemporary endogenous regressors. We study the interpretation of these conventional instrumental variable (IV) regressions in a general, yet simple, framework. Our aim is to...

We provide a simple framework for interpreting instrumental variable regressions when there is a gap in time between the impact of the instrument and the measurement of the endogenous variable, highlighting a particular violation of the exclusion restriction that can arise in this setting. In...

We provide a simple framework for interpreting instrumental variable regressions when there is a gap in time between the impact of the instrument and the measurement of the endogenous variable, highlighting a particular violation of the exclusion restriction that can arise in this setting. In...

The purpose of this study is to estimate the effects of Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER) on Sudan trade balance (TB). The present situation is confusing for all in Sudan with discrepancies in market effective foreign currencies and government declared prices. For example, one US$ in the...

The paper analyzes historical time series data on the productive performance of the Iraqi intermediate industries pre-invasion. The primary hypothesis here is that Iraq promoted from being classified as developing to developed county in its way to establish modern industries and strong economic...

Swaps are the monster of illicit financing once solely supported by Hydra–like cryptocurrencies and the informal value transfer system. Their complexity and opaque private market provide ideal cover for money laundering and proliferation financing beyond the reach of detection from lay...

The study measures farm level technical efficiency among paddy farmers of Hailakandi district of Assam on the basis of farm level primary data of 265 cultivators for the peak cropping season of 2009-10. A translog stochastic production frontier is estimated and selected non-input factors are...

The role of Africa in world demographic change is primary and consequences on future investment dynamics could provide some insight on how unemployment, economic migration and other issues resulting there-from could be addressed. Using Johansen and Granger-causality models on data from 1977 to...

Purpose - Our generation is witnessing the greatest demographic transition and Africa is at the heart of it. There is mounting concern over corresponding rising unemployment and depleting per capita income. I examine the issues in this paper from a long-run perspective by assessing the...